"Briefly, boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the operating system kernel software (such as the Hurd or the Linux). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system (e.g. GNU). "
- GNU GRUB
During installation, Ubuntu automatically installs GRUB to the Master Boot Record (MBR) of your hard drive. Handily enough, it also detects any other operating systems such as Windows and adds entries in GRUB as appropriate. If you have a specific requirement not to install GRUB to the MBR, you need to install using the Alternate disc, which will allow you to specify the install location for GRUB.
Useful links on GRUB.
GRUB FAQ
GRUB Development
Ubuntu GRUB Howto
GNU GRUB showing Ubuntu and Windows flavors of OS
Image source: http://img150.imageshack.us/img150/1682/grub4kt.jpg
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